Audio Audio is a topic that covers many areas, from knowing how to do a volume control, to assemble a full team. in this case we will deal with all issues as far as conventional usable and accessible.
know how to start with their connectors are called, How to mount a volume control, and audio mixing, and audio display, such as discrimination or control ovbiamente as spectrum and amplify its signal and play it on speakers.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthese books is more than anything to have a practical idea, which can be applied since it does not touch issues in which to carry out the project to be expensive or very time consuming. Connectors
will detail the types of connectors for audio inputs and outputs, and are of low signal or power.
TRS TRS is called as stands for tip, ring and sleeve or Castilian tip, ring and handle, refers to the connectors that are three ways, as they have a point, a way, a ring as another way and the handle usually use it as it is the gnd via Webmail, come in three sizes that are indexed both with 2, 3 or 4-way, the measures are 2.5mm, 3.5mm and 6.3mm. below will show a picture of these connectors in 3 ways as it is normal for audio.
Cannon XLR-3 this connector is very common in and microphone inputs that despite having 3-way audio is sent only in mono. this is so because a pin is used to gnd, and the other two pins are used to send mono audio channel, but with a difference, a pin will send the mono audio to 0 and the other going to send the same signal but inverted 180 this is so because as used in professional audio cables usually very long and tickets are near high wattage lamps or audio equipment much power, it is not target the electrical noise in the cable so it sends the same signal twice only the second is inverted, so when entering the input signal to balanced mic-circuit operational amplifier, is entering the two signals in a differential amp configuration oper in this way it does is take the difference signal between the two signals out of phase and this difference is removed with this amp oper, is just noise, so it's used This pro audio interface called balanced input. also be used for audio line instead of microphone and can come in another connector such as the 6.3-mm TRS Jack.
these RCA connectors are most common in audio, is a standard for what is line-in in some countries is 200mVpp (0.2 V peak to peak) and in other countries is 1Vpp , but more often is found in 200mVpp.
is only used for audio input tambein but can be used to extract audio with the same signal level as it would 200mVpp bone in or out of line usually come in red and white for two channels.
Speakon connector this may not be very common in home PCs, but is very common in pro audio, power and speakers or high-power connector 4 is a bias that supports up to 20A and it is used in power outputs audio or power speakers. 
Terminals in terminals and know well are those that come in amplifiers and speakers household may be either rotary or screw-type connector can be fast as those with the button. 
Volume Control The volume control is a fundamental PIESA a sound, is what allows us to control the audio level that we want listen. There are many types of volume controls that can be in common or electronic potentiometers for DC (direct current),
Following is the basic connection of a single volume control, but the stereo is the same as the two-channel stereo audio equal. Note that one pin of the potentiometer will go to gnd, and the center will use it to the amplifier and the anger right at the entrance, this is so because we are used to increase the volume by turning the potentiometer clockwise this means right to say that approaching the entrance to the amplifier input signal and if you lower the volume queresmos turn left therefore approached the amplifier input to gnd, why is the order of the pins, the amplifier must always be in the middle because if we do not want volume, we do not want any ambient noise goal then put the amplifier input to gnd.
Mixers mixers as it says the word is to mix the audio, I mean putting aside the work of a DJ, this could serve to have multiple entries for example, connect a Diskma, mp3 player , a PC, etc. .. and each with its own volume control that can be independent or not, and all these audio sources to a single amplifier, with that saved the theme of walking plugging and unplugging. Sure you can use an input selector also where we select only the entry you want a multiple switch. But also we have for example 2 audio is not handle the volume of each (as in a mixer) but as the volume controls from the device, such volmuen control the pc or the mp3. An example of this is the Edifier speakers that come with more than one ticket so we can keep it plugged in more than one audio source.
VU meters VU meters are instruments for measuring the level of audio you are listening, may come in different forms and scales, for example could be a CCFT tube, with LEDs, with instrument needle, etc. .. and scale of measurement can be only 1 to 10 as also the power level eg 0.5 W to 50W, or for example in dB usually between-26dB to +6 dB.
There are several ways to connect a VU meter and a VU meter, for example in a connection issue may be connected to the amplifier input signal, the power output of the amplifier, or in some cases (most are approaching a audioritmo can connect a microphone to take the ambient sound). Also they can be found in different models, such as with integrated VU meters, with integrated operational amplifier, transistor ...
Below will show some practical circuits already in use for connecting to a VU meter audio input of an amplifier, which will put the VU meters go to the audio power output, because these were common in their output amplifiers were Class AB speaker terminal bone to the output and the other to gnd, but as today is fashionable integrated amplifier in the two H-bone are amplified speaker terminals up and connected to the integrated, and the VU meter does not work very well and we have complexes with the circuit, which is not necessary and can connect to signal input. Particularly
I'll take the 5 led, as it has much more gain than ten and runs excellent.
tone control filtering filtering and control
tone or equalizer, is a part that might help the good performance of our speaker, and also to adjust to taste or equalize the wave of our song we are listening.
Usually in vintage amplifiers and home control was done in low, medium and high, also could be found only with Low and High control, and as you know, and there also existed the equalizer bands such as 10 or 15 or 20 or 25, good for which the manufacturer has put forward. All this also is done today, in antiquity only comment today because finding an audio amplifier that is only audio amplifier is complicated. Because they are just amplficadores are usually for standard Hi-End are bone talking without tone control amplifiers or anything just the volume control to be as flat as possible the amplification and thus can not be interfering with the audio signal, and these amplifiers costing up to 5000 dollars. So I say that there are no amplifiers, only sold as symptomatic amplifiers amplifier that is radio, and come with 10 audio channels, 30 tickets for all home appliances, remote control has 80 buttons and if an amp ... but hey that too around 1000 dollars. We are forced to buy cheap audio, the marrow or home theater speaker 2.0 Edifier, or if we spend more we have to go buy a bowling power of 800 pesos but has only volume control and not because they're Hi-End .. but because they are not interested in adding another control and that are always connected to equalizers and sound consoles or any cross over. Resuming
a bit, I'll explain what they are tone controls for DC (direct current), analog tone controls with operational amplifier (the most used).
tone control by CC: This is like the name says with a tone control current, which means this, that control how to control osseous each of the tones (usually only bring sharp and record) is through continuous tension, the difference between analog tone control is that the tone potentiometer handles esecontrol audio signal directly, and this control for DC only handles continuous tension that enters the electronically integrated and handled in audio level. Some circuits that allow this are the TDA1524, the KA2107, the LM1036. No upload circuits because you really do not work very well unless you are highly modified for this purpose and thus are also making noises so only upload circuits that work well.
analog tone control: This tone control is based on the frequency filtered by capacitors, for example knowing that the audio range from 20 to 20000Hz could say that for a tone control osseous bands you record three midrange and high We could divide this bandwidth into three (the width Bandwidth is the amount of frequency that falls within the limits of 20 to 20000Hz 19980Hz bone) good considering this then dividing into three we know the bandwidth for each of the bands bone to save, mid and treble from there with a simple filter capacitors can be cut as often as we want, this is because the capacitor responds to a certain frequency, bone for detereminada comprotar often be as low resistance and another frequency as a high resistance (ie is called capacitive reactance and Xc note the acronym) good suppose we calculate a capacitor to miss only the low, we will want to miss are the frequencies of 500Hz and down that are above the 500 who did not miss, in this case behave as a high resistance for frequencies of 500 up and a low resistance for frequencies below 500 by then you will want to miss that. Same for the mids and treble. So now would be a passive tone control and grasping the audio signal and removes what you do not want, but the idea is to increase what you want is, that you store or give more acute over (for active tone control two bias) to appear this operational amplifiers, this is what will make the op amp is just amplifying what was filtered by the filter capacitors, the rest will be played directly, note that the entry audio through a resistenicas goes to the amplifier output thus the audio signal travels as it is not be modified (attenuated only slightly) and the signal entering the amplifier to be amplified is coming out of the potentiometers, We can therefore say that only amplify what we choose with the potentiometers, such as audio signal coming saldra unmodified record them but if we increase these prints will go to operational amplifier input and added to the signal Direct taxes thus will output the same signal as before but with more save, from there comes the word active, bone is an active tone control because the bands are amplified to control is enhanced sound, also said in some amplifiers that have enhanced recording or treble boost, etc ...
headphone amplifier As I said the word is a headphone amplifier, which, although I can ask to get to like it, some people pay up to $ 1000 for one, sure that he who pays is because you are buying a headphone amplficador of high quality, but also there are consoles that are just bone headphones that have multiple inputs and multiple outputs for headphones and so we can distribute multiple audio headphones. Can also be very commonly used with high preestaciones headphones, such as a common headset such as a $ 50 sony comes with an impedance of 50 to 100 ohms and a high preestaciones headset such as a sennheiser or bose or shure, comes with an impedance of 300 ohms, because they change their impedance, we know from Ohm's law that if we maintain such 5V 50ohm load will have a current of 100mA but if we change the load resistance of 300ohms going to have a current of 16mA in this way to lower the current low audio distortion therefore gives us more sound quality, so we have more pro headphones impedance, but low current passing hence low power and that is when we say "when I was the cheap headphones sounded stronger than with expensive headphones" that's because to lower the low current power pro headphones then do not listen so hard, but it appears the issue headphone amplifier to power supply is low.
The amplifier is common as any other single that tratarce low power less than 1W is not necessary to use transistors or large heat sinks or sources, if necessary symmetric feeding source such as a + /-12Vdc and 500mA, with So we can feed a normal operational amplifier preestaciones widely used as the NJM4556 enconsolas sound for headphone output (used DJ headphones that are usually pro) clear that we can use some better integrated including some of the OPA family of Texas Instrument but these are harder to get and rather more expensive, therefore we will only use the NJM4556, keep in mind that the sound quality of a team not only is the integrated use, but the entire circuit if nothing Sirba use the best integrated if after you do the circuit on a defective, failed components without calculating them, and a poorly filtered power, so I say that it is all about. But however this works very well integrated.
power amplifiers This topic is trying to understand a little more common classes used in audio, and the most basic circuit assembly you may get disappointed.
Classes most used audio amplifier are ClaseAB and ClaseH but there are also others such as ClaseA but the low efficiency of power that some people use only because they also have more quality but with a good class AB DIN45500 achieves the standard (the Hi-Fi standard.)
Hi-Fi The rule says that to meet her need at least two channels must be osea stereo amp, then we need more than 5Wrms per channel and a maximum of 0.1% total harmonic distortion (THD).
cals AB The TDA2616 is a single bone is amplified speaker terminal.
This is + /-10Wrm per channel with 0.15% maximum THD. This IC is used by its Balfe 2.0 Edifier R1000. You have protection against temperatures. The power supply can be simple or symmetrical to be simple is to add a capacitor in series with each output that complies with the funete symmetric function, the name of this capacitor is Bootstrap.
The TDA8563Q TDA1557Q and has both the same circuit as the only difference is that one is 22W per channel and the other of 40W per channel RMS clear that the first does not pass the 15W and the second does not pass the 25W but also are a good choice for ease of circuit, not lleba almost no external components. These devices are ClaseH or Bridge, the two temrinales bone are amplified speaker, as if tubiese two class AB amplifiers for each speaker, this gain in power, and source because the diet is simple and in this case is 12V therefore it is very practical for us.
The TDA1562 is class H is integrated mono but the interesting thing is that this is a source of tension inside lift "StepUp" that s used to be connected to 12VDC power clear that sources tend to spend enough lift more than they deliver, which is why this chip consumes about 5A, but deliver us from 50Wrms 12V, the circuit is relatively simple and quite good for almientar a subwoofer.
Speaker
This is a fundamental part of a sound, I would say that is 80% of the sound quality of a team, because if the box is not check so not sound calculated to 100% sun, in fact it You put the speakers are expensive because they are designed for the speaker to lead and not for any speaker, and I do not speak but speak sized speaker itself, I mean if we design a box for a speaker jbl 10 "just enter this and she could not size but because of the resonance frequency and other factors that make the tune of the box, I mean the box is a resonant element such as an antenna or a radio circuit, so we should not minimize the importance, for example if a badly tuned radio circuit grasp another radio frequency that does not interest us, that is, no box exprecion operating at its best, so I insist on the calculation of the speaker, leave a box below for the calculation of this, for acoustic reflex or closed boxes.
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