February 2006

Union

collecting surface Calculation of
Having calculated the energy consumption in each month is plotted on a curve or diagram of consumption.
The optimal angle depends on the use collectors that will perform the installation.
The calculation of the total surface collecting is done so that the solar contribution in the period in which the installation is active is equal to consumption. To get the number of collectors must match the annual consumption with solar contribution. The usable energy of an average day is obtained from horizontal irradiation in an average day of each month, H. This value is adjusted if the facility is located in a mountainous area or clean atmosphere (H * 1.05) or if area has a highly polluted air (H * 0.95). Other fixes the value H are done if there are obstacles that cast shadows on the collectors or reflective surfaces. E is thus:
E = k * H * 0'94
Also, if the orientation deviates x º South: E '= E * (1'14 -0 '0085 * x).
useful average intensity is equal to I = E (J) / T (sec)

Performance Calculation of a collector
Each collector works with a performance given by a table or equations supplied by the manufacturer. Theoretical yield equation is b-m * (tm-ta º º) / I, where b is the incidence of the rays m the collector loses energy collector tm º average temperature of the battery, ta º temperature. b and m are constants and the rest is variable throughout the day and at different times. The manufacturers we can provide constant values.

Calculating the amount of energy received in a panel
an estimate is made of energy to be received in a panel on the basis of geographic location, tilt the panel and the month in which it is calculated . This is only an estimate since it works with tables of place.
To perform this calculation is first query Estimated radiation table for the place in the month indicated and is multiplied by a correction factor depending on where you place the panel, a town with a lot of pollution, contaminated normal or low values \u200b\u200branging from 0.95, 1 or 1 ' 05 respectively. Then k is multiplied by another correction factor will depend on the inclination of the panel and latitude. If the value of the energy needed is divided by the energy from this calculation, the number of panels would be needed.

optimization calculation for the orientation and inclination of the panels
First place should be fixed one of the two parameters, the orientation or inclination. After consulting on the graph is obtained from which values \u200b\u200bof guidance or inclination can vary our panel to achieve a desired performance. Can also be used, if you know these two parameters, to see if the losses are less than the maximum allowed. Once
know from which direction values \u200b\u200bmay be the panel that graduation should be corrected for the latitude of the place, with the formulas:
Maximum inclination: Tilt Max. - (41 ° - latitude)
Minimum slope: Tilt min. - (41 ° - latitude)
If you know the slope you will know from which grades may vary with the formula:
Orientation: Inclination - (41 ° - latitude)

Determination of the losses suffered by the shadows
When the shadow occupies more than 5% of the panel, the yield would be much lower than expected. Under the law of Madrid, there can be no shadows at an altitude of 15 degrees on the elevation angle of the collectors. This calculation depends on the latitude and the Canaries would be 25 º.
To calculate losses using a shadow graph, which represents the path of the sun at all seasons, due to their different altitudes, moving the obstacle to this plot and the results are obtained by shadow loss.
Then the value of each cell is obtained from tables which vary depending on the orientation and inclination of the panel

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calculations of solar panels

When available space is scarce panels should be placed in certain ways to optimize the maximum existing space:

Parallel - is the most common form of connection. The advantages are that it allows high flow with good performance, the drawbacks is that it increases the length of the pipe, and a lower temperature, but hot enough to sanitaria.El number of panels that can be placed is limited, indicating the manufacturer this maximum number. It will never be more than 10. The legislation as it indicates is that the pressure drop of less than 1 mca, but this will never occur because the loss is very small.

Series - The flow rate through all collectors is the same, allows smaller sections of pipe. If you need temperatures over 50 º C collectors are connected in series (not more than three), although not usually recomendar.Las advantages are the smallest space they occupy and the lower section of the pipeline, with higher temperatures, the disadvantages are that whenever the yield is lower in each of the collectors which implies that this configuration is strongly discouraged and are not normally use.

series-parallel connection - Combine the two above provisions, the main advantage is to reduce the inconveniences of each of the previous connections.

parallel-serial connection - The main advantage over the former is having a more balanced performance, the disadvantage is that the pipe diameter is larger.

inverted return Concept - On the connections should be kept to the principle of investment return to maintain hydraulic balance. The length of the pipeline will be minimized to minimize thermal and hydraulic losses. If you would be unable to put pressure compensating valves. There are three ways to connect:

Monotube

direct bitube Return - The last panel is farther than the first. The pump is designed for the worst, causing more flow in the first. The consequence of this is that heat does not need and should regulate the flow to holders. Return

bitube invested - The panels have the same route. It makes this type of file to avoid having to regulate the flow. If nothing is done and should be used balancing valves.

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Harnessing solar thermal protection

The hot water is the most ideal application for solar thermal systems use. It is important to design good support with conventional energy, and so it is really an auxiliary plug. It should follow a set of principles for the development of correct designs:

Capturing solar energy - is necessary to regulate the uptake of energy to convert it into useful energy, by measuring and comparing the temperature level in the collector and storage. By differential regulation can activate or stop the circulation pump. Eating

solar energy priority - By proper design of the storage system can support the use of solar energy priority. You can include a battery with electrical resistance regulated by a thermostat, which will act when the water temperature is less than the required temperature of hot water for consumption.

Ensure proper complementarity between solar and conventional - If the temperature level achieved with solar energy is often less than desired will add the required auxiliary power. Can be two cases:

instant energy production support - The system is placed at the output of solar battery, is very practical when used in residential gas instantaneous water heaters household type, provided that the flame automatically adjust depending on the temperature of incoming water.
support energy production in a separate battery - uses a smaller battery than the main points of consumption.

not collect solar energy with conventional - if the battery is only there that mix as little as possible, be achieved via a compartmentalized tank.

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freezing and boiling heat transfer

Avoid freezing and boiling heat transfer fluid.
protection measures prevent the risk of freezing nights and the danger in winter. Some measures in mild climates are brought into use a few times while in harsh climates could be the total site failure (emptying the system), heating collectors for recirculating heat transfer fluid heating collectors for electrical resistance use of antifreeze, collectors that support the freeze, waste collectors (When the ambient temperature is around 0 º C open the drain valve and when the temperature of 4 º or 5 º C fills the system with mains water (not valid in aluminum circuits for air intake).
Measures Boiling protection against the risk should be avoided in facilities that are out of service. To prevent boiling in the collectors include the expansion vessel, safety valve, reducing radiation or use of bodily fluids. To prevent boiling in storage should be dimensioned with a higher ratio of 50l/m2.

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Heat transfer can be performed:

Direct - is a single circuit, there is no separation between the primary and secondary, ACS circulates through the collectors. You get a good thermal performance and system features simplicity. The drawbacks are the use of materials that do not pollute the water, the risk of vaporization and freezing works at the network pressure (hazard collectors) can not be used antifreeze, increased risk of corrosion (air in water) Limescale and more possible legal restrictions.

Hint - There a heat exchanger heat transfer from fluid to mix with the ACS. It is the most common. If the primary circuit has been added to antifreeze, has a higher density so it will cost more to amount (larger pump) and it expands more.

fluid circulation is achieved by:

Thermosiphon - Natural circulation. The deposit must be placed on the collectors to allow convection temperature difference. To facilitate the movement of water must have sufficient temperature difference  T between the collector and storage tank and a height h greater than 30 inches between the tank and collectors. The greater than  T h, the greater the energy to move the liquid. To avoid the risk of elevated temperatures in the tank is designed with larger volumes of 70 l / m 2 of collector.

Electrocirculador - Forced circulation. Avoids the defects of natural circulation systems. The drawbacks are the need for power and control and regulation of the circulator. When the exchanger is at a lower level than the electrocirculador collectors is essential. We must also include a check valve to prevent the possible effect thermosiphonic night. An example of forced circulation system and could indirectly be shown in the figure below:

In the primary circuit water enters the network through the first valve, leaving the valve open until the circuit is full. This valve serves to isolate the circuit. Reaches the parallel electrocirculador where you can see a pressure gauge with two keys that are used to measure pressure and electrocirculador circuit. Then there is a check valve to prevent unwanted thermosiphonic effect when the collector does not understand energy. Pass the solar collectors and would begin to measure the temperature in order to govern the operation of the circuit, ie when it is too high or too low sends the valve closing Three-way and is operated electrocirculador. The highest point is the trap that serves to expel gas installation., Would also be the safety valve that will expel fluid from the circuit if the pressure rises above the target level.
In the secondary circuit would be the battery together with an auxiliary power source (heater), which could be in series with it.
The advantages of this type of circuit is that you have a better control system has a number of security protection, increasing performance. It increases the number of applications that can be aimed and geographic location can be located.
The disadvantages are that it requires additional electrical circuit, a control system and the price is higher. It also has more maintenance.

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Conduit insulation and other fixtures

Conduit
The heat transfer fluid must be transported in the plant at a certain speed because if you go too fast will not heat up very slow and if you reach undesirable temperatures, so you have to calculate the size of the pipes . To do this, there should be speed limits (1.2 l / sec - 1.6 l / sec  100 m2 of collector area) and a limit of loss. The material of choice
should be the more noble metal can (copper), but big, it will be used other than price such as steel or aluminum. In case of several metals coexist in the same facility, the water should range from less noble to the most noble of the problem of electrolysis.
with plastics, the most enduring is the cross-linked polyethylene (100 ° C a few hours), so it is not advisable to use in the primary circuit.
To calculate the flow rule follows:
between 1.2 l / sec and 1.6 l / sec.  100m2. After the / h would be between 43 l / h and 57 l / h, taking for the purposes of calculating the intermediate value of 50 l / h

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losses of the sensitive elements of the installation, you must have a low coefficient of conductivity at a reasonable price. Their placement will be simple and support a wide range of temperatures. Must be non-flammable, non-corrosive on contact and provide good stability. His strength is good and its low specific weight.
type may be fibrous (asbestos, fiberglass, mineral wool, animal and plant fiber), granular (perlite, and calcium silicate, magnesia) and cellular (cork, foam glass). The thickness is chosen according to the temperature of the fluid and the diameter of the pipe, also depending on whether the pipeline are indoors or outdoors.

Other elements to calculate the facility must take into account a volume of 50 l / h * m2, the speed is 2 m / sec (3 m / sec. In certain circumstances) and Ap = 40 mm.ca / m.
or The gauge and hydrometer - Measure the pressure inside a pipe or tank.
or safety valve - must be included by the circuit under pressure and temperature variations.
or funnel drain - Lets see the evacuation of the liquid.
or The trap - pass gas content in the heat transfer fluid and should be at the top of the installation.
or check valves - Limit the flow of fluid in one direction.
or step valves - may terminate all or part of the passage of fluid.
or Thermometer - Measure the temperature of the fluid by contact or immersion.
or thermostats - Measure and mechanisms activated or deactivated by an electrical signal.
or The differential thermostat - Measure temperature difference and depending on the measure acts on something in the system.

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mounting and securing elements

The collector assembly is done by anchoring and support system that has the proper slope for collectors. There are several types of structures. Manufacturers sell the collector, with its structure, deposits ... Though always able to design its own structure.
The type of anchor is made taking into account wind forces to be endured. The wind force on a surface: f = P
  S sin2 @
f = weight to counteract the wind force.
P = wind load (kg/m2). Looking at table.
S = surface collector (m2).
sin2 @ = sine of the angle of inclination.